Fungioutlander Lists & Timelines

Fungioutlander Lists 2019
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This list is a combination of mushroom foray species lists from 2008-2011. Gyrodon merulioides (Boletinellus m.) – Ash Tree bolete. Figure 5.26 Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that grows in soil exposed to bird feces or bat feces (guano) (top left). It can change forms to survive at different temperatures.

Information Fungi Species List A Z. Agaricus comtulus Pileus Cap 2.5-4 cm broad, convex-umbonate to convex when young, expanding to plano-convex; margin at first incurved, decurved at maturity; surface dry, cream-colored, appressed-fibrillose, seldom squamulose, the fibrils slowly becoming yellowish-brown to tawny with age or from handling, the disc usually darker; context white, firm.

Plants play a vital role in supporting other wildlife, providing essential elements such as food, water, oxygen, and habitat. Many living things take up residence in or on plants, including birds, mammals, amphibians, and even fungi like mushrooms or molds.

Fungioutlander Lists 2019

Plants are producers, using the energy of the sun to make seeds, cones, and spores to reproduce, while fungi are decomposers that break down decaying matter. Fungi create a fruiting body, the part of the mushroom we see aboveground that release spores to reproduce.

Plants and fungi are naturally organized into communities called biomes. Biomes are large geographic regions defined by climate conditions such as light, temperature, and precipitation. Biomes in North American include the temperate deciduous forests of the northern states, the prairie the Midwest, and the desert of the Southwest.

Trees, shrubs, herbs, and grasses are all examples of plant types. A plant can be annual (living for one season), biennial (living for two years), or perennial (living for many years). Diseases, invasive species, and habitat loss are some of the factors posing a threat to plant populations in the United States. Using native plants in gardening and landscaping is a way to help re-establish habitats for local animals—such as the monarch butterfly—and minimize threats from invasive species. Exotic or ornamental plants that aren't native to the United States, and are often planted for decorative elements, do not support wildlife as well as native plants.

Characteristics of Fungi

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1. Fungi is a separate kingdom

2. Fungi are Eukaryotic organism

3. Morphology:

Fungi exists in two fundamental forms, filamentous or hyphal form (MOLD) and singe celled or budding form (YEAST).
But for the classification of fungi, they are studied as mold, yeast, yeast like fungi and dimorphic fungi.
Yeast is Unicellular while Mold is multicellular and filamentous

4. Fungi lacks Chloroplast.

5. Mode of nutrition:

Fungi are organotropic heterotrophs.
Mostly Fungi are saprophytic and some are Parasitic

6. Fungi grow best in acidic environment ( tolerate acidic pH).

7. Fungi can tolerate high sugar concentration and dry condition

8. Most of the fungi are Obligate aerobes (molds) and few are facultative anaerobes (yeasts)

9. Optimum temperature of growth for most saprophytic fungi is 20-30 C while (30-37) C for parasitic fungi.

10. Growth rate of fungi is slower than that of bacteria.

11. Cell wall is composed of chitin

12. Cell membrane consists of ergosterol

13. Reproduction: both asexual (Axamorph) and sexual (Teliomorph) mode of reproduction

Asexual methods: fragmentation, fsomatic budding, fission, asexual spore formation
Sexual methods: gametic copulation, gamate-gametangium opulation, gametangium copulation, somatic copulation and Spermatization.

14. More than 2,00,000 fungi species are known.

15. More than 100 fungi are responsible for human infection.

16. More than 20 species are responsible to cause severe systemic human infection, 35 species causes less severe systemic disease or might causes cutaneous or sub cutaneous infection and 45 species causes superficial cutaneous infection.

17. Some fungi shows mutualistic relationship with higher plants, eg Mycorrhiza is symbiotic associated with root of gymnosperm

Classification of fungi:

The kingdom fungi or mycota is classified into 9 division however only four division are involved in medical mycology
1. Ascomycetes
2. Basidiomycetes
3. Zygomycetes
4. Deuteromycetes

Ascomycetes:

Sexual spore produced within a sac like structure called ascus.
Sexual spore are called ascospore
Asexual reproduction occurs by single celled or multi celled conidia
Ascomycetes are also known as sac mycetes.
Hyphae are generally septated
Examples: Saccharomyces, Arthroderma, Gibberella

Basidiomycetes:

Sexual spore are produced externally on a basidium
Sexual spore are known as basidiospore
Asexual reproduction occurs by budding, fragmentation or conidia formation
They are commonly called as mushroom group
Hyphae are generally septated
Examples: Amanita, Agaricus, Filobasidiella

Zygomycetes:

Sexual spore are known as Zygospore
Zygospore is formed by fusion of two similar cell.
Asexual reproduction occurs by sporangiospore
Hypahe are generally aseptated.
Examples: Rhizopus, Mucor, Basidiobolus, Conidiobolus

Deuteromycetes:

No sexual stage is present
Deuteromycetes are also known as fungi imperfecti.
Asexual reproduction occurs by means of conidia.
Most of the human and animal pathogens are present in this class.
Examples: Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Histoplasma

Importance of fungi:

i. Important agents for biodegradation and bio-deterioration

ii. Use in industrial fermentation process.

Examples; Penicillium notatum is used for production of penicillin antibiotics
Aspergillus niger is used for prodution of citric acid
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for alcohol production

iii. Used in bioremediation (reduces toxic concentration)

iv. Used in agriculture, horticulture and forestry, example; biofertilizer and biopesticides